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LIBS assessment of spatial photon-upconversion nanoparticle distribution in model plants (R. sativus and L. minor)
Modlitbová, P. ; Novotný, K. ; Hlaváček, Antonín ; Pořízka, P. ; Kaiser, J.
In the present study, radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and common duckweed (Lemna minor L.) were treated with an aqueous dispersion of carboxylated silica-coated photon-upconversion nanoparticles containing rare-earth elements (Y, Yb, and Er). The total content of rare earths and their bioaccumulation factors were determined in the root, hypocotyl, and leaves of R. sativus after 72 hours, and in L. minor fronds after 168 hours. In R. sativus, translocation factors were determined as the ratio of rare earths content in hypocotyl versus roots and in leaves versus hypocotyl. The lengths of the root and hypocotyl in R. sativus, as well as the frond area in L. minor were monitored as toxicity end points. To distinguish rare-earth bioaccumulation patterns, two-dimensional maps of elemental distribution in the whole R. sativus plant and in L. minor fronds were obtained by using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a lateral resolution of 100 μm. Obtained results revealed that the tested nanoparticles became adsorbed on L. minor fronds and R. sativus roots, and got transferred from roots through the hypocotyl into leaves in R. sativus. Our results show that bioaccumulation patterns and spatial distribution of rare earths in nanoparticle-treated plants differ from those of positive control (the mixture of YCl3, YbCl3, and ErCl3).
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